Giải Đề Cambridge IELTS 19 – Test 2: Reading Passage 2 – Athletes and stress
Tham khảo phần giải đề Cam 19 Test 2: Reading Section 2 – Athletes and stress cùng IZONE ngay nhé!
A. Bài đọc Athletes and stress
A
It isn’t easy being a professional athlete. Not only are the physical demands greater than most people could handle, athletes also face intense psychological pressure
during competition. This is something that British tennis player Emma Raducanu wrote about on social media following her withdrawal from the 2021 Wimbledon
tournament. Though the young player had been doing well in the tournament, she began having difficulty regulating her breathing and heart rate during a match,
which she later attributed to ’the accumulation of the excitement and the buzz’.
B
For athletes, some level of performance stress is almost unavoidable. But there are many different factors that dictate just how people’s minds and bodies respond to stressful events. Typically, stress is the result of an exchange between two factors: demands and resources. An athlete may feel stressed about an event if they feel the demands on them are greater than they can handle. These demands include the high level of physical and mental effort required to succeed, and also the
athlete’s concerns about the difficulty of the event, their chance of succeeding, and any potential dangers such as injury. Resources, on the other hand, are a person’s
ability to cope with these demands. These include factors such as the competitor’s degree of confidence, how much they believe they can control the situation’s outcome, and whether they’re looking forward to the event or not.
C
Each new demand or change in circumstances affects whether a person responds positively or negatively to stress. Typically, the more resources a person feels they
have in handling the situation, the more positive their stress response. This positive stress response is called a challenge state. But should the person feel there are too many demands placed on them, the more likely they are to experience a negative stress response -known as a threat state. Research shows that the challenge
states lead to good performance, while threat states lead to poorer performance. So, in Emma Raducanu’s case, a much larger audience, higher expectations and
facing a more skilful opponent, may all have led her to feel there were greater demands being placed on her at Wimbledon -but she didn’t have the resources to
tackle them. This led to her experiencing a threat response.
D
Our challenge and threat responses essentially influence how our body responds to stressful situations, as both affect the production of adrenaline and cortisol-
also known as ‘stress hormones’. During a challenge state, adrenaline increases the amount of blood pumped from the heart and expands the blood vessels, which
allows more energy to be delivered to the muscles and brain. This increase of blood and decrease of pressure in the blood vessels has been consistently related to superior sport performance in everything from cricket batting, to golf putting and football penalty taking. But during a threat state, cortisol inhibits the positive effect of adrenaline, resulting in tighter blood vessels, higher blood pressure, slower psychological responses, and a faster heart rate. In short, a threat state makes
people more anxious -they make worse decisions and perform more poorly. In tennis players, cortisol has been associated with more unsuccessful serves and greater anxiety.
E
That said, anxiety is also a common experience for athletes when they’re under pressure. Anxiety can increase heart rate and perspiration, cause heart palpitations,
muscle tremors and shortness of breath, as well as headaches, nausea, stomach pain, weakness and a desire to escape in more extreme cases. Anxiety can also
reduce concentration and self-control and cause overthinking. The intensity with which a person experiences anxiety depends on the demands and resources they
have. Anxiety may also manifest itself in the form of excitement or nervousness depending on the stress response. Negative stress responses can be damaging to
both physical and mental health -and repeated episodes of anxiety coupled with negative responses can increase risk of heart disease and depression.
F
But there are many ways athletes can ensure they respond positively under pressure. Positive stress responses can be promoted through the language that they and others – such as coaches or parents – use. Psychologists can also help athletes change how they see their physiological responses – such as helping them see a higher heart rate as excitement, rather than nerves. Developing psychological skills, such as visualisation, can also help decrease physiological responses to threat. Visualisation may involve the athlete recreating a mental picture of a time when they performed well, or picturing themselves doing well in the future. This can help create a feeling of control over the stressful event. Recreating competitive pressure during training can also help athletes learn how to deal with stress. An example of this might be scoring athletes against their peers to create a sense of competition. This would increase the demands which players experience compared to a normal training session, while still allowing them to practise coping with stress.
B. Bài tập
Questions 14-18
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
Questions 19-22
Complete the sentences below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.
19. Performance stress involves many demands on the athlete, for example, coping with the possible risk of
20. Cortisol can cause tennis players to produce fewer good
21. Psychologists can help athletes to view their physiological responses as the effect of a positive feeling such as
22. is an example of a psychological technique which can reduce an athlete’s stress responses.
Questions 23 and 24
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 23 and 24 on your answer sheet.
23 -24. Which TWO facts about Emma Raducanu’s withdrawal from the Wimbledon tournamentare mentioned in the text?
Questions 25 and 26
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 25 and 26 on your answer sheet.
25 -26. Which TWO facts about anxiety are mentioned in Paragraph E of the text?
Điểm số của bạn là % - đúng / câu
C. Giải thích chi tiết
Questions 14- 18: Dạng Matching Phrases Cách làm:
Note: Làm dạng bài này cuối cùng, sau khi đã hiểu được nội dung chính cả bài Một số đoạn văn có thể chứa 2 mẩu thông tin | |
14. reference to two chemical compounds which impact on performance Đoạn D chứa thông tin về việc: Hai chất “adrenaline” và “cortisol” ảnh hưởng như thế nào đến màn thể hiện của vận động viên. Nếu “adrenaline” khiến họ chơi tốt hơn thì “cortisol” lại khiến họ chơi tệ hơn. ⇒ Đáp án là D | Đoạn D: […] the production of adrenaline and cortisol also known as ‘stress hormones’. During a challenge state, adrenaline increases […] has been consistently related to superior sport performance […]. But during a threat state, cortisol […] makes people more anxious – they make worse decisions and perform more poorly. |
15. examples of strategies for minimising the effects of stress Đoạn F chứa thông tin về việc: Có rất nhiều cách để giúp các vận động viên đối phó với stress tốt, bao gồm các chiến lược mà các vận động viên có thể sử dụng như tự tưởng tượng hay luyện tập làm quen với áp lực thi đấu. ⇒ Đáp án là F | Đoạn F: […] Developing psychological skills, such as visualisation, can also help decrease physiological responses to threat. […] Recreating competitive pressure during training can also help athletes learn how to deal with stress. An example of this might be scoring athletes against their peers to create a sense of competition. |
16. how a sportsperson accounted for their own experience of stress Đoạn A chứa thông tin về việc: Vận động viên tennis người Anh Emma giải thích việc cô đã rút khỏi giải đấu vì gặp vấn đề kiểm soát nhịp thở và nhịp tim do quá phấn khích. ⇒ Đáp án là A | Đoạn A: […] British tennis player Emma Raducanu […] began having difficulty regulating her breathing and heart rate during a match, which she later attributed to ’the accumulation of the excitement and the buzz’. |
17. study results indicating links between stress responses and performance Đoạn C chứa thông tin về việc: Có 2 loại phản ứng với stress, nếu phản ứng tích cực thì sẽ gọi là “challenge state” (trạng thái kích thích), nếu phản ứng tiêu cực thì gọi là “threat state” (trạng thái bị đe dọa). Sau đó giải thích rằng nghiên cứu đã chỉ ra 2 trạng thái này ảnh hưởng như thế nào đến màn thể hiện. ⇒ Đáp án là C | Đoạn C: […] This positive stress response is called a challenge state. […] they are to experience a negative stress response – known as a threat state. Research shows that the challenge states lead to good performance, while threat states lead to poorer performance. |
18. mention of people who can influence how athletes perceive their stress responses Đoạn F chứa thông tin về việc: Có rất nhiều cách để giúp các vận động viên đối phó với stress tốt. Trong đó có nhắc đến việc nhà tâm lý học có thể thay đổi cách nhìn của vận động viên với phản ứng của họ khi stress. ⇒ Đáp án là F | Đoạn F: […] Psychologists can also help athletes change how they see their physiological responses – such as helping them see a higher heart rate as excitement, rather than nerves. |
Questions 19 – 22: Dạng Sentence Completion Cách làm:
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19. Performance stress involves many demands on the athlete, for example, coping with the possible risk of ____ Từ cần điền là một danh từ, thể hiện một rủi ro có thể xảy ra với vận động viên. Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là injury | Đoạn B: […] An athlete may feel stressed about an event if they feel the demands on them are greater than they can handle. These demands include the high level of physical and mental effort required to succeed, and also the athlete’s concerns about the difficulty of the event, their chance of succeeding, and any potential dangers such as injury. |
20. Cortisol can cause tennis players to produce fewer good ____ Từ cần điền là một danh từ đếm được số nhiều (vì đi sau fewer). Cụ thể:
Từ vựng: Serve (n) cú phát bóng, giao bóng (tennis) ⇒ Đáp án là serves | Đoạn D: […] In tennis players, cortisol has been associated with more unsuccessful serves and greater anxiety. |
21. Psychologists can help athletes to view their physiological responses as the effect of a positive feeling such as ____ Từ cần điền là danh từ thể hiện cảm xúc tích cực. Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là excitement | Đoạn F: […] Psychologists can also help athletes change how they see their physiological responses – such as helping them see a higher heart rate as excitement, rather than nerves. |
22. ____ is an example of a psychological technique which can reduce an athlete’s stress responses. Từ cần điền là danh từ số ít hoặc không đếm được (vì đứng ở vị trí chủ ngữ và động từ to be chia is). Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là visualisation / visualization | Đoạn F: […] Developing psychological skills, such as visualisation, can also help decrease physiological responses to threat. |
Questions 23 – 26: Dạng Multiple Choice Questions Cách làm:
Chứng minh các đáp án ĐÚNG/SAI bằng cách lần lượt trả lời 2 câu hỏi: Câu 1: Các thông tin trong câu hỏi ĐỀU TÌM ĐƯỢC NỘI DUNG TƯƠNG ỨNG trong bài đọc hay không? *Nội dung tương ứng là những nội dung cùng chỉ về 1 điều, mang cùng 1 chức năng trong câu. Ví dụ: Anh ấy đến nơi lúc 8h vs. Sau 9h anh ấy mới tới ⇒ “lúc 8h” và “sau 9h” đều nêu thời điểm anh ta tới nơi ⇒ 2 thông tin này dù khác về nội dung những vẫn được coi là tương ứng với nhau (đều chỉ mặt thời gian)
Câu 2: Có thông tin nào trong câu hỏi bị TRÁI NGƯỢC/SAI LỆCH với nội dung bài đọc hay không?
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23-24. Which TWO facts about Emma Raducanu’s withdrawal from the Wimbledon tournament are mentioned in the text? | |
23. B. symptoms of her performance stress at the tournament Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là: B | Đoạn A: […] This is something that British tennis player Emma Raducanu wrote about on social media following her withdrawal from the 2021 Wimbledon tournament. Though the young player had been doing well in the tournament, she began having difficulty regulating her breathing and heart rate during a match, which she later attributed to ’the accumulation of the excitement and the buzz’. |
24. D. aspects of the Wimbledon tournament which increased her stress levels Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là: D | Đoạn C: […] So, in Emma Raducanu’s case, a much larger audience, higher expectations and facing a more skilful opponent, may all have led her to feel there were greater demands being placed on her at Wimbledon – but she didn’t have the resources to tackle them. |
A. the stage at which she dropped out of the tournament Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án A là NOT GIVEN | Đoạn A: […] This is something that British tennis player Emma Raducanu wrote about on social media following her withdrawal from the 2021 Wimbledon tournament. Though the young player had been doing well in the tournament, she began having difficulty regulating her breathing and heart rate during a match, which she later attributed to ’the accumulation of the excitement and the buzz’. |
C. measures which she had taken to manage her stress levels Nhận xét:
Cụ thể: Không có thông tin về những phương pháp vận động viên Emma đã làm để giảm stress ⇒ Đáp án C là NOT GIVEN | |
D. reactions to her social media posts about her experience at Wimbledon Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án D là NOT GIVEN | Đoạn A: […] This is something that British tennis player Emma Raducanu wrote about on social media following her withdrawal from the 2021 Wimbledon tournament. |
25-26. Which TWO facts about anxiety are mentioned in Paragraph E of the text? | |
25. A. the factors which determine how severe it may be Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là: A | Đoạn E: […] The intensity with which a person experiences anxiety depends on the demands and resources they have. |
26. E. the harm that can result if athletes experience it too often Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là: E | Đoạn E: […] Negative stress responses can be damaging to both physical and mental health – and repeated episodes of anxiety coupled with negative responses can increase risk of heart disease and depression. |
B. how long it takes for its effects to become apparent Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án B là NOT GIVEN | |
C. which of its symptoms is most frequently encountered Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án C là NOT GIVEN | Đoạn E: […] Anxiety can increase heart rate and perspiration, cause heart palpitations, muscle tremors and shortness of breath, as well as headaches, nausea, stomach pain, weakness and a desire to escape in more extreme cases. […] |
D. the types of athletes who are most likely to suffer from it Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án D là NOT GIVEN | Đoạn E: […] That said, anxiety is also a common experience for athletes when they’re under pressure. |
