Giải Đề Cambridge IELTS 19 – Test 4: Reading Passage 1 – The Impact of Climate Change on Butterflies in Britain
Tham khảo phần giải đề Cam 19 Test 4: Reading Passage 1 – The impact of climate change on butterflies in Britain cùng IZONE ngay nhé!
A. Bài đọc The Impact of Climate Change on Butterflies in Britain
The impact of climate change on butterflies in Britain
According to conservationists, populations of around two thirds of butterfly species have declined in Britain over the past 40 years. If this trend continues, it might have unpredictable knock-on effects for other species in the ecosystem. Butterfly eggs develop into caterpillars and these insects, which are the second stage in a new butterfly’s lifecycle, consume vast quantities of plant material, and in turn act as prey for birds as well as bats and other small mammals. Only by arming themselves with an understanding of why butterfly numbers are down can conservationists hope to halt or reverse the decline.
Butterflies prefer outdoor conditions to be ‘just right’, which means neither too hot nor too cold. Under the conditions of climate change, the temperature at any given time in summer is generally getting warmer, leaving butterflies with the challenge of how to deal with this. One of the main ways in which species are ensuring conditions suit them is by changing the time of year at which they are active and reproduce. Scientists refer to the timing of such lifecycle events as ‘phenology’, so when an animal or plant starts to do something earlier in the year than it usually does, it is said to be ‘advancing its phenology’.
These advances have been observed already in a wide range of butterflies – indeed, most species are advancing their phenology to some extent. In Britain, as the average spring temperature has increased by roughly 0.5°C over the past 20 years, species have advanced by between three days and a week on average, to keep in line with cooler temperatures. Is this a sign that butterflies are well equipped to cope with climate change, and readily adjust to new temperatures? Or are these populations under stress, being dragged along unwillingly by unnaturally fast changes? The answer is still unknown, but a new study is seeking to answer these questions.
First, the researchers pulled together data from millions of records that had been submitted by butterfly enthusiasts – people who spend their free time observing the activities of different species. This provided information on 130 species of butterflies in Great Britain every year for a 20-year period. They then estimated the abundance and distribution of each species across this time, along with how far north in the country they had moved. The data also, crucially, allowed researchers to estimate subtle changes in what time of the year each species was changing into an adult butterfly.
Analyzing the trends in each variable, the researchers discovered that species with more flexible lifecycles were more likely to be able to benefit from an earlier emergence driven by climate change. Some species are able to go from caterpillar to butterfly twice or more per year, so that the individual butterflies you see flying in the spring are the grandchildren or great-grandchildren of the individuals seen a year previously.
Among these species, researchers observed that those which have been advancing their phenology the most over the 20-year study period also had the most positive trends in abundance, distribution and northwards extent. For these species, such as Britain’s tiniest butterfly, the dainty Small Blue, whose colonies are up to a hundred strong, some develop into butterflies early in spring, allowing their summer generations to complete another reproductive cycle by autumn so that more population growth occurs.
Other species, however, are less flexible and restricted to a single reproductive cycle per year. For these species, there was no evidence of any benefit to emerging earlier. Indeed, worryingly, it was found that the species in this group that specialize in very specific habitat types, often related to the caterpillar’s preferred diet, actually tended to be most at harm from advancing phenology. The beautiful High Brown Fritillary, often described as Britain’s most endangered butterfly, is in this group. It is found only in coppiced woodland and limestone pavement habitats. It is also a single-generation butterfly that has advanced its phenology. This suggests that climate change, while undoubtedly not the sole cause, might have played a part in the downfall of this species.
All is not lost, however. Many of Britain’s single-generation species show the capacity, in continental Europe, to add a second generation in years that are sufficiently warm. Therefore, as the climate continues to warm, species like the Silver-studded Blue might be able to switch to multiple generations in the UK as well, and so begin to extract benefits from the additional warmth, potentially leading to population increases.
More immediately, conservationists can arm themselves with all this knowledge to spot the warning signs of species that may be at risk. The White Admiral of southern England, a much sought-after butterfly, experienced a significant increase in numbers from the 1920s but has shown a considerable decline in the past 20 years. This may be because the caterpillar exists solely on a diet of a plant called honeysuckle. But it is also likely to be due to climate change.
B. Bài tập
Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
Questions 7-13
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.
The Small Blue
* lives in large 7
* first appears at the start of 8
* completes more than one reproductive cycle per year
The High Brown Fritillary
*has one reproductive cycle
*is considered to be more 9 than other species
*its caterpillars occupy a limited range of 10
The Silver-studded Blue
*is already able to reproduce twice a year in warm areas of 11
The White Admiral
*is found in 12 areas of England
*both climate change and the 13 of the caterpillar are possible reasons for decline
Điểm số của bạn là % - đúng / câu
C. Giải thích chi tiết
Questions 1 – 6: Dạng TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN Cách làm:
Chọn đáp án bằng cách lần lượt trả lời 2 câu hỏi:
| |
1. Forty years ago, there were fewer butterflies in Britain than at present. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là FALSE | Đoạn 1. According to conservationists, populations of around two thirds of butterfly species have declined in Britain over the past 40 years. |
2. Caterpillars are eaten by a number of different predators. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là TRUE | Đoạn 1. […] Butterfly eggs develop into caterpillars and these insects, which are the second stage in a new butterfly’s life cycle, consume vast quantities of plant material, and in turn act as prey for birds as well as bats and other small mammals. |
3. ‘Phenology’ is a term used to describe a creature’s ability to alter the location of a lifecycle event. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là FALSE | Đoạn 2. […] Scientists refer to the timing of such lifecycle events as ‘phenology’, so when an animal or plant starts to do something earlier in the year than it usually does, it is said to be ‘advancing its phenology’. |
4. Some species of butterfly have a reduced lifespan due to spring temperature increases. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là NOT GIVEN | Đoạn 3. […] In Britain, as the average spring temperature has increased by roughly 0.5 °C over the past 20 years, species have advanced by between three days and a week on average, to keep in line with cooler temperatures. Is this a sign that butterflies are well equipped to cope with climate change, and readily adjust to new temperatures? |
5. There is a clear reason for the adaptations that butterflies are making to climate change. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là FALSE | Đoạn 3. […] Is this a sign that butterflies are well equipped to cope with climate change, and readily adjust to new temperatures? Or are these populations under stress, being dragged along unwillingly by unnaturally fast changes? The answer is still unknown, but a new study is seeking to answer these questions. |
6. The data used in the study was taken from the work of amateur butterfly watchers. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là TRUE Từ vựng: amateur butterfly watchers (n) những nhà quan sát bướm nghiệp dư | Đoạn 4. […] First, the researchers pulled together data from millions of records that had been submitted by butterfly enthusiasts – people who spend their free time observing the activities of different species. |
Questions 7 – 13: Dạng Note Completion Cách làm:
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7. The Small Blue
Từ cần điền là một danh từ do đứng sau tính từ, chỉ nơi bướm Xanh Nhỏ sinh sống. Cụ thể:
⇒ Từ cần điền là colonies | Đoạn 6. […] For these species, such as Britain’s tiniest butterfly, the dainty Small Blue, whose colonies are up to a hundred strong, […] |
8. The Small Blue
Từ cần điền là một danh từ chỉ thời điểm. Cụ thể:
⇒ Từ cần điền là spring | Đoạn 6. […] For these species, such as Britain’s tiniest butterfly, the dainty Small Blue, whose colonies are up to a hundred strong, some develop into butterflies early in spring, |
9. The High Brown Fritillary
Từ cần điền là một tính từ chỉ một đặc điểm gì đó mà bướm Nâu Lớn có hơn các loài bướm khác. Cụ thể:
⇒ Từ cần điền là endangered | Đoạn 7. The beautiful High Brown Fritillary, often described as Britain’s most endangered butterfly, is in this group. |
10. The High Brown Fritillary
Từ cần điền là một danh từ do đứng sau giới từ “of”. Cụ thể:
⇒ Từ cần điền là habitats | Đoạn 7. It is found only in coppiced woodland and limestone pavement habitats. |
11. The Silver-studded Blue
Từ cần điền là một danh từ do đứng sau giới từ “of”. Cụ thể:
⇒ Từ cần điền là Europe | Đoạn 8. Many of Britain’s single-generation species show the capacity, in continental Europe, to add a second generation in years that are sufficiently warm. Therefore, as the climate continues to warm, species like the Silver-studded Blue might be able to switch to multiple generations in the UK as well, […] |
12. The White Admiral
Từ cần điền là một tính từ bổ nghĩa cho “areas”. Cụ thể:
⇒ Từ cần điền là southern | Đoạn 9. The White Admiral of southern England, […] |
13. The White Admiral
Từ cần điền là một danh từ do đứng sau mạo từ “the”, chỉ một trong hai nguyên nhân gây ra suy giảm số lượng Bướm Đô đốc trắng. Cụ thể:
⇒ Từ cần điền là diet | Đoạn 9. The White Admiral of southern England, a much sought-after butterfly, experienced a significant increase in numbers from the 1920s but has shown a considerable decline in the past 20 years. This may be because the caterpillar exists solely on a diet of a plant called honeysuckle. But it is also likely to be due to climate change. |
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