Giải Đề Cambridge IELTS 19 – Test 1 – Reading Passage 1 – How tennis rackets have changed
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A. Bài đọc How tennis rackets have changed
How tennis rackets have changed
In 2016, the British professional tennis player Andy Murray was ranked as the world’s number one. It was an incredible achievement by any standard – made even more remarkable by the fact that he did this during a period considered to be one of the strongest in the sport’s history, competing against the likes of Rafael Nadal, Roger Federer and Novak Djokovic, to name just a few. Yet five years previously, he had been regarded as a talented outsider who entered but never won the major tournaments.
Of the changes that account for this transformation, one was visible and widely publicised: in 2011, Murray invited former number one player Ivan Lendl onto his coaching team – a valuable addition that had a visible impact on the player’s playing style. Another change was so subtle as to pass more or less unnoticed. Like many players, Murray has long preferred a racket that consists of two types of string: one for the mains (verticals) and another for the crosses (horizontals). While he continued to use natural string in the crosses, in 2012 he switched to a synthetic string for the mains. A small change, perhaps, but its importance should not be underestimated.
The modification that Murray made is just one of a number of options available to players looking to tweak their rackets in order to improve their games. ‘Touring professionals have their rackets customised to their specific needs,’ says Colin Triplow, a UK-based professional racket stringer. ‘It’s a highly important part of performance maximisation.’ Consequently, the specific rackets used by the world’s elite are not actually readily available to the public; rather, each racket is individually made to suit the player who uses it. Take the US professional tennis players Mike and Bob Bryan, for example: ‘We’re very particular with our racket specifications,’ they say. ‘All our rackets are sent from our manufacturer to Tampa, Florida, where our frames go through a … thorough customisation process.’ They explain how they have adjusted not only racket length, but even experimented with different kinds of paint. The rackets they use now weigh more than the average model and also have a denser string pattern (i.e. more crosses and mains).
The primary reason for these modifications is simple: as the line between winning and losing becomes thinner and thinner, even these slight changes become more and more important. As a result, players and their teams are becoming increasingly creative with the modifications to their rackets as they look to maximise their competitive advantage.
Racket modifications mainly date back to the 1970s, when the amateur German tennis player Werner Fischer started playing with the so-called spaghetti-strung racket. It created a string bed that generated so much topspin that it was quickly banned by the International Tennis Federation. However, within a decade or two, racket modification became a regularity. Today it is, in many ways, an aspect of the game that is equal in significance to nutrition or training.
Modifications can be divided into two categories: those to the string bed and those to the racket frame. The former is far more common than the latter: the choice of the strings and the tension with which they are installed is something that nearly all professional players experiment with. They will continually change it depending on various factors including the court surface, climatic conditions, and game styles. Some will even change it depending on how they feel at the time.
At one time, all tennis rackets were strung with natural gut made from the outer layer of sheep or cow intestines. This all changed in the early 1990s with the development of synthetic strings that were cheaper and more durable. They are made from three materials: nylon (relatively durable and affordable), Kevlar (too stiff to be used alone) or co-polyester (polyester combined with additives that enhance its performance). Even so, many professional players continue to use a ‘hybrid set-up’, where a combination of both synthetic and natural strings are used.
Of the synthetics, co-polyester is by far the most widely used. It’s a perfect fit for the style of tennis now played, where players tend to battle it out from the back of the court rather than coming to the net. Studies indicate that the average spin from a co-polyester string is 25% greater than that from natural string or other synthetics. In a sense, the development of co-polyester strings has revolutionised the game.
However, many players go beyond these basic adjustments to the strings and make changes to the racket frame itself. For example, much of the serving power of US professional player Pete Sampras was attributed to the addition of four to five lead weights onto his rackets, and today many professionals have the weight adjusted during the manufacturing process.
Other changes to the frame involve the handle. Players have individual preferences for the shape of the handle and some will have the handle of one racket moulded onto the frame of a different racket. Other players make different changes. The professional Portuguese player Gonçalo Oliveira replaced the original grips of his rackets with something thinner because they had previously felt uncomfortable to hold.
Racket customisation and modification have pushed the standards of the game to greater levels that few could have anticipated in the days of natural strings and heavy, wooden frames, and it’s exciting to see what further developments there will be in the future.
B. Bài tập
Questions 1-7
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
Questions 8-13
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.
The tennis racket and how it has changed
8. Mike and Bob Bryan made changes to the types of used on their racket frames.
9. Players were not allowed to use the spaghetti-strung racket because of the amount of it created.
10. Changes to rackets can be regarded as being as important as players’ diets or the they do.
11. All rackets used to have natural strings made from the of animals.
12. Pete Sampras had metal put into the frames of his rackets.
13. Gongalo Oliveira changed the on his racket handles.
Điểm số của bạn là % - đúng / câu
C. Giải thích đáp án
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Questions 1 – 7: Dạng TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN Cách làm: Bước 1: Đọc kĩ câu hỏi và gạch chân từ khóa Bước 2: Scan từ khóa đã gạch trong bài đọc Bước 3: Chú ý tới controlling words (not, only, the majority etc.) Bước 4: Chọn đáp án phù hợp Chọn đáp án bằng cách lần lượt trả lời 2 câu hỏi: Câu 1: Các thông tin trong câu hỏi ĐỀU TÌM ĐƯỢC NỘI DUNG TƯƠNG ỨNG trong bài đọc hay không?
Câu 2: Có thông tin nào trong câu hỏi bị TRÁI NGƯỢC/SAI LỆCH với nội dung bài đọc hay không?
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1. People had expected Andy Murray to become the world’s top tennis player for at least five years before 2016. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là FALSE |
Đoạn 1: […] In 2016, the British professional tennis player Andy Murray was ranked as the world’s number one. It was an incredible achievement by any standard made even more remarkable by the fact that he did this during a period considered to be one of the strongest in the sport’s history, competing against the likes of Rafael Nadal, Roger Federer and Novak Djokovic, to name just a few. Yet five years previously, he had been regarded as a talented outsider who entered but never won the major tournaments. |
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2.The change that Andy Murray made to his rackets attracted a lot of attention. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là FALSE |
Đoạn 2: […] Another change was so subtle as to pass more or less unnoticed. Like many players, Murray has long preferred a racket that consists of two types of string: one for the mains (verticals) and another for the crosses (horizontals). While he continued to use natural string in the crosses, in 2012 he switched to a synthetic string for the mains. A small change, perhaps, but its importance should not be underestimated. |
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3. Most of the world’s top players take a professional racket stringer on tour with them. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là NOT GIVEN |
Đoạn 3: […] ‘Touring professionals have their rackets customised to their specific needs,’ says Colin Triplow, a UK-based professional racket stringer.‘ |
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4. Mike and Bob Bryan use rackets that are light in comparison to the majority of rackets. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là FALSE |
Đoạn 3: […] Take the US professional tennis players Mike and Bob Bryan, for example. […] The rackets they use now weigh more than the average model and also have a denser string pattern (i.e. more crosses and mains). |
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5. Werner Fischer played with a spaghetti-strung racket that he designed himself. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là NOT GIVEN |
Đoạn 5: […] Racket modifications mainly date back to the 1970s, when the amateur German tennis player Werner Fischer started playing with the so-called spaghetti-strung racket. |
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6. The weather can affect how professional players adjust the strings on their rackets. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là: TRUE |
Đoạn 6: […] Modifications can be divided into two categories: those to the string bed and those to the racket frame. The former is far more common than the latter: the choice of the strings and the tension with which they are installed is something that nearly all professional players experiment with. They will continually change it depending on various factors including the court surface, climatic conditions, and game styles. |
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7. It was believed that the change Pete Sampras made to his rackets contributed to his strong serve. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là TRUE |
Đoạn 9: However, many players go beyond these basic adjustments to the strings and make changes to the racket frame itself. For example, much of the serving power of US professional player Pete Sampras was attributed to the addition of four to five lead weights onto his rackets, and today many professionals have the weight adjusted during the manufacturing process. |
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Questions 8-13: Dạng Table Completion Cách làm:
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8. Mike and Bob Bryan made changes to the types of 8 ______ used on their racket frames. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là paint |
Đoạn 3: […] Take the US professional tennis players Mike and Bob Bryan, for example: […] ‘All our rackets are sent from our manufacturer to Tampa, Florida, where our frames go through a . . . thorough customisation process. They explain how they have adjusted not only racket length, but even experimented with different kinds of paint. The rackets they use now weigh more than the average model and also have a denser string pattern (i.e. more crosses and mains). |
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9. Players were not allowed to use the spaghetti-strung racket because of the amount of 9 ______ it created. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là topspin |
Đoạn 6: […] Racket modifications mainly date back to the 1970s, when the amateur German tennis player Werner Fischer started playing with the so-called spaghetti-strung racket. It created a string bed that generated so much topspin that it was quickly banned by the International Tennis Federation. |
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10. Changes to rackets can be regarded as being as important as players’ diets or the 10 ____ they do. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là training |
Đoạn 6: […] However, within a decade or two, racket modification became a regularity. Today it is, in many ways, an aspect of the game that is equal in significance to nutrition or training. |
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11. All rackets used to have natural strings made from the ____ of animals. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là intestines / gut |
Đoạn 8: […] At one time, all tennis rackets were strung with natural gut made from the outer layer of sheep or cow intestines. This all changed in the early 1990s with the development of synthetic strings that were cheaper and more durable. |
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12. Pete Sampras had metal ____ put into the frames of his rackets. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là weights |
Đoạn 9: […] For example, much of the serving power of US professional player Pete Sampras was attributed to the addition of four to five lead weights onto his rackets, and today many professionals have the weight adjusted during the manufacturing process. |
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13. Goncalo Oliveira changed the ____ on his racket handles. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể:
⇒ Đáp án là grips |
Đoạn 10: […] Other players make different changes. The professional Portuguese player Goncalo Oliveira replaced the original grips of his rackets with something thinner because they had previously felt uncomfortable to hold. |
