Giải đề Cambridge IELTS 19 – Test 3: Listening Section 4 – Microplastics
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A. Bài nghe Microplastics
B. Audioscript
In today’s lecture, I’m going to be talking about microplastics.
Microplastics are tiny pieces of plastic smaller than five millimetres in size. Recently there’s been a greater awareness that there are large quantities of plastic waste – big and small – in the environment. The amount of plastic waste in the oceans has received widespread attention, but far less is known about the effects of microplastics in freshwater and particularly in soil.
Microplastics can enter the environment via a number of different sources. Threads and microfibres detach from synthetic clothing Q31 every time they’re put in a washing machine, and these find their way into the water system. Other sources include big pieces of plastic waste that are already in the environment, and these break down into microscopic particles over a period of time. On a larger scale, factory waste is another route, as are tyres which wear down as cars, lorries and so on travel along road surfaces.
We already understand some of the impacts of microplastics from studies involving fish and other animals. There is evidence that microplastics harm small creatures in a variety of ways, such as by damaging their mouths Q32, or by impairing their ability to feed, for example when microplastics get lodged in their digestive system.
Surprisingly perhaps, it is likely that humans consume microplastics, as these have been detected in a wide range of food and drink products, including bottled water, as well as in water that comes direct from the tap. What’s more, salt and many kinds of seafood have also been found to contain microplastics Q33.
However, it’s important to underline that there is not yet conclusive proof that microplastics cause significant harm to people. In many countries, including here in the UK, there is legislation which prevents manufacturers from adding plastic microbeads to shower gels, facial cleansers and toothpaste. Q34
It is very difficult to accurately estimate the total amount of microplastic particles in the soil as they can be hard to detect, but we do know they are carried in the air and deposited in the soil by rain. What’s more, many of the fertilisers used by both farmers and gardeners contain microplastics. Q35
A team from the Anglia Ruskin University in Cambridge has carried out a study of the effects of microplastics on the digestive tracts of earthworms. These worms, which live in topsoil, are an essential component of our agricultural system. By feeding on soil, they mix nutrients into it, thereby making it more fertile. Q36
The researchers set out to discover whether the introduction of microplastics into the soil – and the subsequent ingestion of these by earthworms – would impact soil quality and ultimately inhibit plant growth. Q37 The short answer was, yes, it did. After placing three different types of microplastic particles into the soil, they planted perennial rye grass. The particles of microplastic, which included biodegradable PLA and conventional high-density polyethylene, or HDPE, were then ingested by the earthworms in the soil. The result was that the worms lost weight rapidly. Q38 What’s more, a lower percentage than normal of the rye grass seeds germinated, and the researchers concluded that this was a direct result of the earthworms being unable to fulfil their normal role in making soil more fertile. The team also discovered that there was an increase in the amount of acid found in the soil Q39, and this was attributed mainly to the microplastic particles from conventional HDPE plastic.
The conclusions of the study make for very interesting reading – I’ve included the reference in the notes to give you at the end of this session. To summarise, the authors proposed the idea that we need to regard soil as we would regard any other process in nature. This means we should accept the implications of soil being dependent on decaying and dead matter constantly being passed through the bodies of earthworms. That is, when soil becomes impoverished by the presence of microplastics, not only ecosystems but also the whole of society are negatively impacted. Q40
C. Bài tập
PART 4 Questions 31–40
Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
Microplastics
Where microplastics come from
- Fibres from some 31 during washing
- The breakdown of large pieces of plastic
- Waste from industry
- The action of vehicle tyres on roads
Effects of microplastics
- They cause injuries to the 32 of wildlife and affect their digestive systems.
- They enter the food chain, e.g., in bottled and tap water, 33 and seafood.
- They enter the food chain, e.g., in bottled and tap water, 33 , and seafood.
- They may not affect human health, but they are already banned in skin cleaning products and 34 in some countries.
- Microplastics enter the soil through the air, rain, and 35 .
Microplastics in the soil – A study by Anglia Ruskin University
- Earthworms are important because they add 36 to the soil.
- The study aimed to find whether microplastics in earthworms affect the 37 of plants.
- The study found that microplastics caused:
- 38 loss in earthworms
- Fewer seeds to germinate
- A rise in the level of 39 in the soil.
The study concluded:
- Soil should be seen as an important natural process.
- Changes to soil damage both ecosystems and 40 .
Điểm số của bạn là % - đúng / câu
D. Đáp án và giải thích chi tiết
Section 4: Question 31- 40 Dạng Note Completion Cách làm:
| |
Câu 31: fibres from some 31 _________ during washing Từ cần điền là một danh từ do đứng sau lượng từ “some”. Nội dung người nói đề cập đến rằng các sợi và vi sợi rơi ra khỏi quần áo bằng vải tổng hợp mỗi khi chúng được giặt. ⇒ Đáp án là clothing | […] SPEAKER: Threads and microfibres detach from synthetic clothing every time they’re put in a washing machine, […] |
32. They cause injuries to the 32 _____ of wildlife and affect their digestive systems. Từ cần điền là một danh từ do đứng sau mạo từ “the”. Nội dung bài, người nói đề cập vi nhựa gây hại cho các sinh vật nhỏ bằng cách làm tổn thương miệng và cản trở khả năng ăn uống, ảnh hưởng đường tiêu hoá. ⇒ Đáp án là mouths | […] SPEAKER: There is evidence that microplastics harm small creatures in a variety of ways, such as by damaging their mouths, or by impairing their ability to feed, for example when microplastics get lodged in their digestive system. |
33. They enter the food chain, e.g., in bottled and tap water, 33 __________ and seafood. Từ cần điền là một danh từ do đang nằm trong một chuỗi các danh từ được liệt kê. Nội dung bài người nói đề cập đến hàng loạt các thứ bị nhiễm vi nhựa như thức ăn, đồ uống, nước đóng chai, nước từ vòi, muối và cả hải sản. ⇒ Đáp án là salt | […] SPEAKER: Surprisingly perhaps, it is likely that humans consume microplastics, as these have been detected in a wide range of food and drink products, including bottled water, as well as in water that comes direct from the tap. What’s more, salt and many kinds of seafood have also been found to contain microplastics. |
Câu 34: They may not affect human health, but they are already banned in skin cleaning products and 34 ________ in some countries. Từ cần điền là một danh từ. Nội dung bài nghe cho thấy người nói đề cập mặc dù chưa có bằng chứng thuyết phục rằng vi nhựa gây hại đáng kể cho con người. Ở nhiều quốc gia, có luật ngăn cấm các nhà sản xuất thêm hạt vi nhựa vào sữa tắm, sữa rửa mặt (-> sản phẩm chăm sóc da) và kem đánh răng. ⇒ Đáp án là toothpaste | […] SPEAKER: However, it’s important to underline that there is not yet conclusive proof that microplastics cause significant harm to people. In many countries, including here in the UK, there is legislation which prevents manufacturers from adding plastic microbeads to shower gels, facial cleansers and toothpaste. |
Câu 35: Microplastics enter the soil through the air, rain and 35 __________. Từ cần điền là một danh từ do đang nằm trong một chuỗi các danh từ được liệt kê. Nội dung bài cho thấy vi nhựa xâm nhập vào đất qua không khí và mưa cũng như lượng lớn thuốc trừ sâu. ⇒ Đáp án là fertilizers | […] SPEAKER: but we do know they are carried in the air and deposited in the soil by rain. What’s more, many of the fertilisers used bv both farmers and gardeners contain microplastics. |
Câu 36: Earthworms are important because they add 36 ______ to the soil. Từ cần điền là một danh từ. Nội dung bài: Những con giun đất là thành phần thiết yếu của hệ thống nông nghiệp của chúng ta. Bằng cách ăn đất, chúng trộn lẫn các chất dinh dưỡng vào đất, do đó làm cho đất trở nên màu mỡ hơn ⇒ Đáp án là nutrients | […] SPEAKER: A team from the Anglia Ruskin University in Cambridge has carried out a study of the effects of microplastics on the digestive tracts of earthworms. These worms, which live in topsoil, are an essential component of our agricultural system. By feeding on soil, they mix nutrients into it, thereby making it more fertile. |
Câu 37: The study aimed to find whether microplastics in earthworms affect the 37 ________ of plants. Từ cần điền là một danh từ do đứng sau mạo từ “the”. Nội dung người nói đề cập là các nhà nghiên cứu đã bắt đầu khám phá xem việc đưa vi nhựa vào đất và sau đó bị giun đất nuốt vào sẽ ảnh hưởng đến chất lượng đất và cuối cùng là cản trở sự phát triển của cây trồng hay không. ⇒ Đáp án là growth | […] SPEAKER: The researchers set out to discover whether the introduction of microplastics into the soil – and the subseguent ingestion of these by earthworms –would impact soil quality and ultimately inhibit plant growth. |
Câu 38: ________ loss in earthworms Từ cần điền là một danh từ. Nội dung bài nghe đề cấp đến sự tụt cân của giun đất. ⇒ Đáp án là weight | […] SPEAKER: The result was that the worms lost weight rapidly. |
39. a rise in the level of 39 _____ in the soil. Từ cần điền là một danh từ do đứng sau giới từ “of”. Nội dung bài: Nhóm nghiên cứu cũng phát hiện rằng lượng axit trong đất tăng lên. ⇒ Đáp án là acid | […] SPEAKER: The team also discovered that there was an increase in the amount of acid found in the soil […] |
40. changes to soil damage both ecosystems and 40 _______. Từ cần điền là một danh từ. Nội dung bài khi đất trở nên suy kiệt do sự hiện diện của vi nhựa (-> thay đổi của đất), không chỉ các hệ sinh thái mà cả toàn xã hội đều bị ảnh hưởng tiêu cực. ⇒ Đáp án là society | […] SPEAKER: That is, when soil becomes impoverished by the presence of microplastics, not only ecosystems but also the whole of society are negatively impacted. |