IELTS Reading practice: “Personality and appearance” – Dịch nghĩa và giải thích chi tiết
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Bài đọc “Personality and appearance”
Personality and appearance
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When Charles Darwin applied to be the “energetic young man” that Robert Fitzroy, the Beagle’s captain, sought as his gentleman companion, he was almost let down by a woeful shortcoming that was as plain as the nose on his face. Fitzroy believed in physiognomy—the idea that you can tell a person’s character from their appearance. As Darwin’s daughter Henrietta later recalled, Fitzroy had “made up his mind that no man with such a nose could have energy”. This was hardly the case. Fortunately, the rest of Darwin’s visage compensated for his sluggardly proboscis: “His brow saved him.”
The idea that a person’s character can be glimpsed in their face dates back to the ancient Greeks. It was most famously popularised in the late 18th century by the Swiss poet Johann Lavater, whose ideas became a talking point in intellectual circles. In Darwin’s day, they were more or less taken as given. It was only after the subject became associated with phrenology, which fell into disrepute in the late 19th century, that physiognomy was written off as pseudoscience.
First impressions are highly influential, despite the well-worn admonition not to judge a book by its cover. Within a tenth of a second of seeing an unfamiliar face we have already made a judgement about its owner’s character—caring, trustworthy, aggressive, extrovert, competent and so on. Once that snap judgement has formed, it is surprisingly hard to budge. People also act on these snap judgements. Politicians with competent-looking faces have a greater chance of being elected, and CEOs who look dominant are more likely to run a profitable company. There is also a well-established “attractiveness halo”. People seen as good-looking not only get the most valentines but are also judged to be more outgoing, socially competent, powerful, intelligent and healthy.
In 1966, psychologists at the University of Michigan asked 84 undergraduates who had never met before to rate each other on five personality traits, based entirely on appearance, as they sat for 15 minutes in silence. For three traits—extroversion, conscientiousness and openness—the observers’ rapid judgements matched real personality scores significantly more often than chance. More recently, researchers have re-examined the link between appearance and personality, notably Anthony Little of the University of Stirling and David Perrett of the University of St Andrews, both in the UK. They pointed out that the Michigan studies were not tightly controlled for confounding factors. But when Little and Perrett re-ran the experiment using mugshots rather than live subjects, they also found a link between facial appearance and personality—though only for extroversion and conscientiousness. Little and Perrett claimed that they only found a correlation at the extremes of personality.
Justin Carre and Cheryl McCormick of Brock University in Ontario, Canada studied 90 ice-hockey players. They found that a wider face in which the cheekbone-to-cheekbone distance was unusually large relative to the distance between brow and upper lip was linked in a statistically significant way with the number of penalty minutes a player was given for violent acts including slashing, elbowing, checking from behind and fighting. The kernel of truth idea isn’t the only explanation on offer for our readiness to make facial judgements. Leslie Zebrowitz, a psychologist at Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, says that in many cases snap judgements are not accurate. The snap judgement, she says, is often an “overgeneralisation” of a more fundamental response. A classic example of overgeneralisation can be seen in predators’ response to eye spots, the conspicuous circular markings seen on some moths, butterflies and fish. These act as a deterrent to predators because they mimic the eyes of other creatures that the potential predators might see as a threat.
Another researcher who leans towards overgeneralisation is Alexander Todorov. With Princeton colleague Nikolaas Oosterhof, he recently put forward a theory which he says explains our snap judgements of faces in terms of how threatening they appear. Todorov and Oosterhof asked people for their gut reactions to pictures of emotionally neutral faces, sifted through all the responses, and boiled them down to two underlying factors: how trustworthy the face looks, and how dominant. Todorov and Oosterhof conclude that personality judgements based on people’s faces are an overgeneralisation of our evolved ability to infer emotions from facial expressions, and hence a person’s intention to cause us harm and their ability to carry it out. Todorov, however, stresses that overgeneralisation does not rule out the idea that there is sometimes a kernel of truth in these assessments of personality.
So if there is a kernel of truth, where does it come from? Perrett has a hunch that the link arises when our prejudices about faces turn into self-fulfilling prophecies—an idea that was investigated by other researchers back in 1977. Our expectations can lead us to influence people to behave in ways that confirm those expectations: consistently treat someone as untrustworthy and they end up behaving that way. This effect sometimes works the other way round, however, especially for those who look cute. The Nobel prize-winning ethologist Konrad Lorenz once suggested that baby-faced features evoke a nurturing response. Support for this has come from work by Zebrowitz, who has found that baby-faced boys and men stimulate an emotional centre of the brain, the amygdala, in a similar way. But there’s a twist. Baby-faced men are, on average, better educated, more assertive and apt to win more military medals than their mature-looking counterparts. They are also more likely to be criminals; think Al Capone. Similarly, Zebrowitz found baby-faced boys to be quarrelsome and hostile, and more likely to be academic highfliers. She calls this the “self-defeating prophecy effect”: a man with a baby face strives to confound expectations and ends up overcompensating.
There is another theory that recalls the old parental warning not to pull faces because they might freeze that way. According to this theory, our personality moulds the way our faces look. It is supported by a study two decades ago which found that angry old people tend to look cross even when asked to strike a neutral expression. A lifetime of scowling, grumpiness and grimaces seemed to have left its mark. |
Bài tập
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Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage?
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say that the writer thinks about this
Điểm số của bạn là % – đúng / câu
Questions 6-10
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet.
6. What’s true about Anthony Little and David Perrett’s experiment?
7. What can be concluded from Justin Carre and Cheryl McCormick’s experiment?
8. What’s exemplified by referring to butterfly marks?
9. What is the aim of Alexander Todorov’s study?
10. Which of the following is the conclusion of Alexander Todorov’s study?
Điểm số của bạn là % – đúng / câu
Questions 11-14
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.
A. judge other people by overgeneralization,
B. may influence the behaviour of other people,
C. tend to commit criminal acts.
D. may be influenced by the low expectations of other people.
E. may show the effect of long-term behaviours.
F. may be trying to repel the expectations of other people.
Điểm số của bạn là % – đúng / câu
Giải thích đáp án chi tiết “Personality and appearance”
Question 1 – 5: YES/NO/NOT GIVENCách làm:
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1. Robert Fitzroy’s first impression of Darwin was accurate. Thông tin câu hỏi là “ấn tượng ban đầu của Fitzroy về Darwin là chính xác”. Cụ thể hơn, Fitzroy cho rằng Darwin có 1 cái mũi như thế thì không phải là người có năng lượng. Tuy nhiên, theo tác giả, thì điều này không chính xác (be hardly the case) → Đáp án là NO | Đoạn 1: When Charles Darwin applied to be the “energetic young man” that Robert Fitzroy, the Beagle’s captain, sought as his gentleman companion, he was almost let down by a woeful shortcoming that was as plain as the nose on his face. Fitzroy believed in physiognomy—the idea that you can tell a person’s character from their appearance. As Darwin’s daughter Henrietta later recalled, Fitzroy had “made up his mind that no man with such a nose could have energy”. This was hardly the case. |
2. The precise rules of “physiognomy” have remained unchanged since the 18th century. Trong bài không đề cập đến thông tin rằng các quy tắc về thuật xem tướng mặt có không đổi hay không. → Đáp án là NOT GIVEN Lưu ý: Nhiều bạn có thể đọc vế “that physiognomy was written off as pseudoscience: thuật xem tướng mặt được cho là phản khoa học”, và cho rằng vế này khiến cho câu trả lời là NO. Tuy nhiên, vế này chỉ cho ta biết được, người khác nhìn nhận về thuật xem tướng mặt là phản khoa học, chứ không cho ta biết là các quy tắc về thuật xem tướng có thay đổi hay không → Không liên quan đến câu hỏi | The idea that a person’s character can be glimpsed in their face dates back to the ancient Greeks. It was most famously popularized in the late 18th century by the Swiss poet Johann Lavater, whose ideas became a talking point in intellectual circles. In Darwin’s day, they were more or less taken as given. It was only after the subject became associated with phrenology, which fell into disrepute in the late 19th century, that physiognomy was written off as pseudoscience. |
3. The first impression of a person can be modified later with little effort. Theo tác giả, ấn tượng ban đầu về một người thì có sức ảnh hưởng rất lớn, và rất khó để thay đổi (it is surprisingly hard to budge). Điều này trái ngược với thông tin câu hỏi là “ấn tượng ban đầu thì có thể được thay đổi mà không cần nhiều nỗ lực” → Đáp án là NO | First impressions are highly influential, despite the well-worn admonition not to judge a book by its cover. Within a tenth of a second of seeing an unfamiliar face we have already made a judgment about its owner’s character—caring, trustworthy, aggressive, extrovert, competent and so on. Once that snap judgment has formed, it is surprisingly hard to budge |
4. People who appear capable are more likely to be chosen to a position of power. Thông tin câu hỏi là những người mà có vẻ có năng lực thì có khả năng cao được chọn cho vị trí có quyền lực. Điều này khớp với nội dung mà tác giả đưa ra là “những chính trị gia mà có gương mặt “sáng” thì có cơ hội được bầu chọn cao hơn. → Đáp án là YES | Đoạn 3 Politicians with competent-looking faces have a greater chance of being elected |
5. It is unfair for good-looking people to be better treated in society. Tác giả không đề cập đến việc những người ưa nhìn thì được đối xử tốt hơn trong xã hội là điều không công bằng. → Đáp án là NOT GIVEN | People seen as good-looking not only get the most valentines but are also judged to be more outgoing, socially competent, powerful, intelligent and healthy |
Question 6 – 10: Dạng Multiple choiceCách làm:
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6. What’s true about Anthony Little and David Perrett’s experiment? | |
B. It supports parts of the conclusions in the Michigan experiment. Theo thông tin của bài đọc, nghiên cứu của Anthony Little and David Perrett đã minh chứng được mối tương quan giữa diện mạo gương mặt và tính cách (qua 2 khía cạnh là tính quảng giao (extroversion) và tận tâm (conscientiousness). Điều này cũng đã ủng hộ một phần kết của nghiên cứu của Đại học Michigan là chính xác. Kết quả nghiên cứu của Đại học Michigan là diện mạo gương mặt và tính cách có mối tương quan (qua 3 khía cạnh là tính quảng giao (extroversion) và tận tâm (conscientiousness) sự cởi mở (openness). → Đáp án là B là chính xác | Đoạn 4: In 1966, psychologists at the University of Michigan asked 84 undergraduates who had never met before to rate each other on five personality traits, based entirely on appearance, as they sat for 15 minutes in silence. For three traits—extroversion, conscientiousness and openness—the observers’ rapid judgements matched real personality scores significantly more often than chance. More recently, researchers have re-examined the link between appearance and personality, notably Anthony Little of the University of Stirling and David Perrett of the University of St Andrews, both in the UK. They pointed out that the Michigan studies were not tightly controlled for confounding factors. But when Little and Perrett re-ran the experiment using mugshots rather than live subjects, they also found a link between facial appearance and personality—though only for extroversion and conscientiousness. Little and Perrett claimed that they only found a correlation at the extremes of personality. |
A It is based on the belief that none of the conclusions in the Michigan experiment is accurate. Dựa vào nội dung bài đọc, ta thấy rằng, không có thông tin nào cho thấy nghiên cứu của Anthony Little và David Perrett được thực hiện dựa trên cơ sở là các kết luận của nghiên cứu của trường học Michigan là không chính xác. Thậm chí, nghiên cứu của Anthony Little and David Perrett đã minh chứng được mối tương quan giữa diện mạo gương mặt và tính cách (qua 2 khía cạnh là tính quảng giao (extroversion) và tận tâm (conscientiousness) – điều này cũng là một phần trong kết luận của trường đại học Michigan → Đáp án A là NOT GIVEN | Đoạn 4: They pointed out that the Michigan studies were not tightly controlled for confounding factors. But when Little and Perrett re-ran the experiment using mugshots rather than live subjects, they also found a link between facial appearance and personality—though only for extroversion and conscientiousness. Little and Perrett claimed that they only found a correlation at the extremes of personality. |
C It replicates the study conditions in the Michigan experiment. Thông tin trong bài đọc cho thấy rằng: Little và Perrett đã thực hiện lại thí nghiệm, nhưng thay vì sử dụng đối tượng là người (như trong thí nghiệm của trường Michigan), thì họ sử dụng ảnh chân dung tội phạm. → Đáp án là FALSE | Đoạn 4: They pointed out that the Michigan studies were not tightly controlled for confounding factors. But when Little and Perrett re-ran the experiment using mugshots rather than live subjects, they also found a link between facial appearance and personality—though only for extroversion and conscientiousness. |
D It has a greater range of faces than in the Michigan experiment. Không có thông tin nào cho thấy nghiên cứu của Little and Perrett có đa dạng các khía cạnh hơn là nghiên cứu của Đại học Michigan. → Đáp án D là NOT GIVEN | Đoạn 4: They pointed out that the Michigan studies were not tightly controlled for confounding factors. But when Little and Perrett re-ran the experiment using mugshots rather than live subjects, they also found a link between facial appearance and personality—though only for extraversion and conscientiousness. Little and Perrett claimed that they only found a correlation at the extremes of personality. |
7. What can be concluded from Justin Carre and Cheryl McCormick’s experiment? | |
A. A wide-faced man may be more aggressive. Theo nghiên cứu của Justin Carre và Cheryl McCormick, ta thấy rằng người chơi khúc côn cầu mà có khuôn mặt càng “to”, thì càng có số phút bị phạt nhiều do các hành vi bạo lực như là: chém (slashing), cùi chỏ (elbowing), kiểm tra từ phía sau (checking from behind) và đánh nhau (fighting). → Đáp án A là chính xác | Đoạn 5: Justin Carre and Cheryl McCormick of Brock University in Ontario, Canada studied 90 ice-hockey players. They found that a wider face in which the cheekbone-to-cheekbone distance was unusually large relative to the distance between brow and upper lip was linked in a statistically significant way with the number of penalty minutes a player was given for violent acts including slashing, elbowing, checking from behind and fighting. |
B. Aggressive men have a wide range of facial features. Theo thông tin trong bài, nghiên cứu của Justin Carre và Cheryl McCormick, cho thấy rằng những người đàn ông mà có 1 đặc điểm là “có khuôn mặt “to” thì có xu hướng bạo lực hơn” Điều này KHÁC với thông tin trong câu hỏi là “những người đàn ông bạo lực thì có nhiều đặc điểm về gương mặt”. → Đáp án B là FALSE | Đoạn 5: Justin Carre and Cheryl McCormick of Brock University in Ontario, Canada studied 90 ice-hockey players. They found that a wider face in which the cheekbone-to-cheekbone distance was unusually large relative to the distance between brow and upper lip was linked in a statistically significant way with the number of penalty minutes a player was given for violent acts including slashing, elbowing, checking from behind and fighting. |
C. There is no relation between facial features and an aggressive character. Theo thông tin trong bài đọc, nghiên cứu của Justin Carre và Cheryl McCormick đã chứng minh được mối tương quan giữa đặc điểm gương mặt và tính cách hung hăng. → Đáp án C là FALSE | Đoạn 5: Justin Carre and Cheryl McCormick of Brock University in Ontario, Canada studied 90 ice-hockey players. They found that a wider face in which the cheekbone-to-cheekbone distance was unusually large relative to the distance between brow and upper lip was linked in a statistically significant way with the number of penalty minutes a player was given for violent acts including slashing, elbowing, checking from behind and fighting. |
D It’s necessary for people to be aggressive in competitive games. Không có thông tin nào trong bài đọc cho thấy mọi người cần phải hung hãn trong các trận đấu mang tính cạnh tranh. → Đáp án D là NOT GIVEN | Đoạn 5: Justin Carre and Cheryl McCormick of Brock University in Ontario, Canada studied 90 ice-hockey players. They found that a wider face in which the cheekbone-to-cheekbone distance was unusually large relative to the distance between brow and upper lip was linked in a statistically significant way with the number of penalty minutes a player was given for violent acts including slashing, elbowing, checking from behind and fighting. |
8. What’s exemplified by referring to butterfly marks? | |
B. Instinct does not necessarily lead to accurate judgment. Qua nội dung bài đọc, và ví dụ về những dấu tròn trên những con bướm, ta có thể thấy được tác giả đang muốn minh họa cho một điều là bản năng không nhất thiết là phải dẫn đến phán đoán chính xác. Cụ thể hơn, những dấu tròn đáng ngờ trên những con bướm có vai trò như một rào cản với những con thú săn mồi, bởi vì bản năng của những con thú này thấy những dấu tròn này như 1 mối đe dọa, vì chúng giống mắt của những sinh vật khác. → Đáp án B là chính xác | Đoạn 5: The kernel of truth idea isn’t the only explanation on offer for our readiness to make facial judgements. Leslie Zebrowitz, a psychologist at Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, says that in many cases snap judgements are not accurate. The snap judgment, she says, is often an “overgeneralization” of a more fundamental response. A classic example of overgeneralization can be seen in predators’ response to eye spots, the conspicuous circular markings seen on some moths, butterflies and fish. These act as a deterrent to predators because they mimic the eyes of other creatures that the potential predators might see as a threat. |
A. Threats to safety are easy to notice. Dựa vào phần giải thích ở trên (giải thích cho đáp án câu B), ta thấy rằng thông tin về mối đe dọa đến sự an toàn thì dễ nhận ra không phải là điều mà tác giả muốn minh họa từ việc nhắc đến ví dụ về những dấu tròn trên những con bướm. → Đáp án A là NOT GIVEN | Đoạn 5: A classic example of overgeneralization can be seen in predators’ response to eye spots, the conspicuous circular markings seen on some moths, butterflies and fish. These act as a deterrent to predators because they mimic the eyes of other creatures that the potential predators might see as a threat. |
C. People should learn to distinguish between accountable and unaccountable judgments. Trong bài không đề cập gì đến thông tin con người cần phải phân biệt giữa những phán đoán có thể giải thích và phán đoán không thể giải thích. → Đáp án C là NOT GIVEN | |
D. Different species have various ways to notice danger. Trong bài không đề cập gì đến những loài khác nhau thì có các cách khác nhau để nhận diện nguy hiểm. → Đáp án D là NOT GIVEN | |
9. What is the aim of Alexander Todorov’s study? | |
C. to learn the influence of facial features on judgments of a person’s personality Dựa vào thông tin của bài đọc, nghiên cứu của Alexander Todorov có mục đích là giải thích sự ảnh hưởng của các đặc điểm khuôn mặt lên sự phán đoán về tính cách của một người. → Đáp án C là chính xác | Another researcher who leans towards overgeneralization is Alexander Todorov. With Princeton colleague Nikolaas Oosterhof, he recently put forward a theory which he says explains our snap judgments of faces in terms of how threatening they appear. Todorov and Oosterhof asked people for their gut reactions to pictures of emotionally neutral faces, sifted through all the responses, and boiled them down to two underlying factors: how trustworthy the face looks, and how dominant |
A. to determine the correlation between facial features and social development Không có thông tin nào trong bài đọc cho thấy mục đích nghiên cứu của Alexander Todorov là xác định mối tương quan giữa đặc điểm gương mặt và sự phát triển xã hội. → Đáp án A là NOT GIVEN | |
B. to undermine the belief that appearance is important Không có thông nào trong bài đọc cho thấy mục đích nghiên cứu của Alexander Todorov là làm suy yếu niềm tin là ngoại hình quan trọng. → Đáp án B là NOT GIVEN | |
D. to study the role of judgments in a person’s relationship Không có thông nào trong bài đọc cho thấy mục đích nghiên cứu của Alexander Todorov là nghiên cứu về vai trò của những phán đoán trong một mối quan hệ của con người. → Đáp án D là NOT GIVEN | |
10. Which of the following is the conclusion of Alexander Todorov’s study? | |
D. The judgment of a person’s character based on appearance may be accurate. Theo thông tin bài đọc, Todorov đã kết luận là việc đánh giá tính cách của một người dựa trên ngoại hình vẫn có thể chính xác. → Đáp án D là chính xác | Đoạn 6 Todorov and Oosterhof conclude that personality judgements based on people’s faces are an overgeneralization of our evolved ability to infer emotions from facial expressions, and hence a person’s intention to cause us harm and their ability to carry it out. Todorov, however, stresses that overgeneralization does not rule out the idea that there is sometimes a kernel of truth in these assessments of personality. |
A. People should draw accurate judgments from overgeneralization. Bài đọc không đề cập đến việc con người nên rút ra những đánh giá chính xác từ việc khái quát hóa quá mức → Đáp án A là NOT GIVEN | |
B. Using appearance to determine a person’s character is undependable. Câu hỏi cho rằng việc sử dụng ngoại hình để xác định tính cách của 1 người là không đáng tin cậy, tuy nhiên, Todorov chỉ ra rằng, thỉnh thoảng việc đánh giá tính cách qua vẻ bề ngoài thì vẫn chính xác. → Đáp án B là FALSE | Đoạn 6 Todorov and Oosterhof conclude that personality judgements based on people’s faces are an overgeneralization of our evolved ability to infer emotions from facial expressions, and hence a person’s intention to cause us harm and their ability to carry it out. Todorov, however, stresses that overgeneralization does not rule out the idea that there is sometimes a kernel of truth in these assessments of personality. |
C. Overgeneralization can be misleading as a way to determine a person’s character. Tượng tự như giải thích cho đáp án B. → Đáp án C là FALSE | |
Question 11 – 14: Dạng MatchingCách làm:
Note:
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11. Perret believed people behaving dishonestly D.may be influenced by the low expectations of other people. Dựa vào thông tin trong bài đọc, Perret cho rằng, sự kỳ vọng của chúng ta ở người khác có thể gây ảnh hưởng lên họ, khiến họ làm theo điều mà chúng ta đã kỳ vọng. Cụ thể hơn, nếu chúng ta liên tục cho rằng người khác không đáng tin, thì cuối cùng họ cũng sẽ hành xử như vậy → Điều này có nghĩa: những người cư xử không trung thực, có thể bị ảnh hưởng do kỳ vọng thấp của người khác → Đáp án D là đáp án chính xác | Đoạn 7: So if there is a kernel of truth, where does it come from? Perrett has a hunch that the link arises when our prejudices about faces turn into self-fulfilling prophecies – an idea that was investigated by other researchers back in 1977. Our expectations can lead us to influence people to behave in ways that confirm those expectations: consistently treat someone as untrustworthy and they end up behaving that way. |
12. The writer supports the view that people with babyish features C tends to commit criminal acts. Tác giả ủng hộ quan điểm những người mà có những đặc điểm giống trẻ con thì có xu hướng phạm tội. → Đáp án C là chính xác | Đoạn 7: Baby-faced men are, on average, better educated, more assertive and apt to win more military medals than their mature-looking counterparts. They are also more likely to be criminals; think Al Capone. Similarly, Zebrowitz found baby-faced boys to be quarrelsome and hostile, and more likely to be academic highfliers. She calls this the “self-defeating prophecy effect”: a man with a baby face strives to confound expectations and ends up overcompensating. |
13. According to Zebrowitz, baby-faced people who behave dominantly F. may be trying to repel the expectations of other people. Thông tin bài đọc cho thấy rằng, theo Zebrowitz thì những người mà có gương mặt “baby” thì thường cố gắng làm ngược lại mong đợi từ người khác. → Đáp án F là chính xác | Similarly, Zebrowitz found baby-faced boys to be quarrelsome and hostile, and more likely to be academic highfliers. She calls this the “self-defeating prophecy effect”: a man with a baby face strives to confound expectations and ends up overcompensating. |
14. The writer believes facial features E. may show the effect of long-term behaviors. Theo thông tin trong bài đọc, ta biết rằng tác giả tin rằng các đặc điểm trên gương mặt là do tác động của những hành vi trong một khoảng thời gian dài gây ra | Đoạn 8: There is another theory that recalls the old parental warning not to pull faces because they might freeze that way. According to this theory, our personality molds the way our faces look. It is supported by a study two decades ago which found that angry old people tend to look cross even when asked to strike a neutral expression. A lifetime of scowling, grumpiness and grimaces seemed to have left its mark. |
Tổng hợp từ vựng Personality & Appearance trong bài
Sau khi làm và chữa xong bài đọc, các bạn hay tham khảo List từ vựng Personality & Appearance dưới đây do IZONE tổng hợp. Việc đọc từ vựng từ các bài IELTS Reading sẽ giúp bạn mở rộng thêm topic-related vocab (từ vựng theo chủ đề) và nâng cao vốn từ của mình đó.
| Từ vựng | Nghĩa | Câu ví dụ trong bài đọc |
| Energetic | Năng động, sôi nổi. | When Charles Darwin applied to be the “energetic young man” that Robert Fitzroy, the Beagle’s captain, sought as his gentleman companion. |
| Woeful | Đau lòng, buồn bã. | He was almost let down by a woeful shortcoming that was as plain as the nose on his face. |
| Plain | Rõ ràng, đơn giản. | He was almost let down by a woeful shortcoming that was as plain as the nose on his face. |
| Character | Tính cách, đặc tính cá nhân. | Fitzroy believed in physiognomy—the idea that you can tell a person’s character from their appearance. |
| Appearance | Diện mạo, ngoại hình. | Fitzroy believed in physiognomy—the idea that you can tell a person’s character from their appearance. |
| Judge a book by its cover | Đánh giá người khác qua vẻ bề ngoài | First impressions are highly influential, despite the well-worn admonition not to judge a book by its cover. |
| Competent-looking | Trông có khả năng, có trình độ. | Politicians with competent-looking faces have a greater chance of being elected. |
| Attractiveness | Sự quyến rũ, hấp dẫn. | There is also a well-established “attractiveness halo”. People seen as good-looking not only get the most valentines but are also judged to be more outgoing, socially competent, powerful, intelligent, and healthy. |
| Outgoing | Dễ gần, thân thiện, hướng ngoại | There is also a well-established “attractiveness halo”. People seen as good-looking not only get the most valentines but are also judged to be more outgoing, socially competent, powerful, intelligent, and healthy. |
| Socially competent | Có năng lực xã hội (bao gồm các kỹ năng, cảm xúc, nhận thức và hành vi cần thiết để hòa nhập xã hội) | There is also a well-established “attractiveness halo”. People seen as good-looking not only get the most valentines but are also judged to be more outgoing, socially competent, powerful, intelligent, and healthy. |
| Trustworthy | Đáng tin cậy. | Todorov and Oosterhof conclude that personality judgments based on people’s faces are an overgeneralization of how trustworthy the face looks. |
| Dominant | Chiếm ưu thế, mạnh mẽ. | Todorov and Oosterhof conclude that personality judgments based on people’s faces are an overgeneralization of how dominant the face looks. |
| Baby-faced | Gương mặt trẻ con, đáng yêu như em bé. | Support for this has come from work by Zebrowitz, who has found that baby-faced boys and men stimulate an emotional center of the brain, the amygdala, in a similar way. |
| Scowl | Nhăn mày, làm mặt cau có. | A lifetime of scowling, grumpiness, and grimaces seemed to have left its mark. |
| Grumpy | Gắt gỏng, cục cằn | A lifetime of scowling, grumpiness, and grimaces seemed to have left its mark. |
| Grimace | Cau có, nhăn mặt. | A lifetime of scowling, grumpiness, and grimaces seemed to have left its mark. |
| Cross | Tức giận, cáu kỉnh. | Angry old people tend to look cross even when asked to strike a neutral expression. |
Download IELTS Reading “Personality and appearance” PDF
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